Homeopathy, developed in the late 18th century by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, is a complementary therapeutic approach based on the principle of “like cures like.” Homeopathic preparations are produced from highly diluted and mechanically agitated (potentized) plant, animal, and mineral starting materials. These preparations are employed in individualized treatment strategies that consider the patient’s physiological, mental, and emotional characteristics. Although the literature presents differing perspectives on the clinical efficacy and pharmacological validity of homeopathy, systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate a lack of significant clinical evidence beyond placebo effects. Pharmacological evaluation of homeopathic substances cannot be conducted within the classical framework of dose–response relationships and receptor interactions; instead, assessments are primarily based on the toxicological profiles, phytochemical constituents, and clinical observations of the starting materials. Despite the absence of measurable active molecules in high-dilution preparations, some studies suggest potential mechanisms such as nano-structural remnants and alterations in water structure. In low-potency preparations, however, the pharmacological effects and toxicity profiles of plant materials remain relevant for safety considerations. Consequently, quality control, standardization, and compliance with pharmacopoeial guidelines are critical in production processes. Future research should focus on employing advanced analytical methods, improving standardization procedures, and conducting high-quality, randomized controlled clinical trials to better evaluate the pharmacological and toxicological profiles of homeopathic remedies. Homeopathic applications and preparations should be administered solely under the supervision of a qualified physician or expert, as even highly diluted preparations may pose risks of adverse effects or drug interactions, necessitating professional oversight.
Homeopathy, Herbal, Animal and Mineral Preparations, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Dilution and Potentization